Values in Science

Books & Monographs

Laudan, Larry. 1984. Science and Values : The Aims of Science and Their Role in Scientific Debate. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Longino, Helen E. 1990. Science as Social Knowledge : Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Proctor, Robert. 1991. Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Kitcher, Philip. 2001. Science, Truth, and Democracy. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Machamer, Peter, and Gereon Wolters, ed. 2004. Science, Values, and Objectivity. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Kincaid, Harold, John. Dupré, and Alison. Wylie. 2007. Value-Free Science? : Ideals and Illusions. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Carrier, Martin, Don Howard, and Janet A Kourany. 2008. The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice: Science and Values Revisited. University of Pittsburgh Press.
Douglas, Heather. 2009. Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

Early Proponents of Value Free Science

Weber, Max. 1917. Der Sinn der ‘Wertfreiheit’ der soziologischen und ökonomischen Wissenschaften. In Gesammelte Aufsätze Zur Wissenschaftslehre. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1922.
Ayer, Alfred Jules. 1936. Language, Truth and Logic, Chapter 6. London: Gollancz.
Merton, Robert K. 1942. The Normative Structure of Science. In The Sociology of Science. Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, edited by Norman W. Storer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Reichenbach, Hans. 1951. The Rise of Scientific Philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1997.

The 1950-1980s Debate

pro values:

Churchman, C West. 1948. Statistics, Pragmatics, Induction. Philosophy of Science 15 (3): 249–68.
Rudner, Richard. 1953. The Scientist Qua Scientist Makes Value Judgments. Philosophy of Science 20 (1): 1–6.
Frank, Philipp G. 1954. The Variety of Reasons for the Acceptance of Scientific Theories. The Scientific Monthly 79 (3): 139–45.

contra values or epistemic values only:

Jeffrey, R. C. 1956. Valuation and Acceptance of Scientific Hypotheses. Philosophy of Science, 23(3), 237–246.
Levi, Isaac. 1960. Must the Scientist Make Value Judgments? The Journal of Philosophy 57 (11): 345–57.
Kuhn, Thomas S. 1977. Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice. In The Essential Tension, 320–339. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
McMullin, E. 1982. Values in Science. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1982(4), 3–28.

ambivalent:

Hempel, C. 1965. Science and Human Values. In Aspects of scientific explanation: And other essays in the philosophy of science (pp. 81–96). New York: Free Press.

The Recent Debate on Inductive Risk

Douglas, H. (2000). Inductive Risk and Values in Science. Philosophy of Science, 67(4), 559–579.
Dorato, Mauro. 2004. Epistemic and Nonepistemic Values in Science. In Science, Values, and Objectivity, edited by Peter Machamer and Gereon Wolters, 52–77. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Douglas, Heather. 2007. Rejecting the Ideal of Value-Free Science. In Value-Free Science: Ideal or Illusion, edited by John Dupre, Harold Kincaid, and Alison Wylie. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Wilholt, Torsten. 2009. Bias and Values in Scientific Research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 40 (1): 92–101.
Betz, Gregor. 2013. In Defence of the Value Free Ideal. European Journal for Philosophy of Science 3 (2): 207–20.
Brown, Matthew J. 2013. Values in Science beyond Underdetermination and Inductive Risk. Philosophy of Science 80 (5). The University of Chicago Press: 829–39.
Norton, John D. 2014. Epistemic Virtues and Epistemic Values: A Skeptical Critique. Unpublished Draft, 1–18.
Brigandt, Ingo. 2015. Social Values Influence the Adequacy Conditions of Scientific Theories: Beyond Inductive Risk. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 45 (3): 326–356.
De Melo-Martin, Inmaculada, and Kristen Intemann. 2016. The Risk of U sing Inductive Risk to Challenge the Value-Free Ideal. Philosophy of Science. forthcoming.

The Social Responsibility of Scientists

Bridgman, Percy Williams. 1947. Scientists and Social Responsibility. The Scientific Monthly 65 (2): 148–154.
Brown, Matthew J. 2013. The Source and Status of Values for Socially Responsible Science. Philosophical Studies 163 (1): 67–76.
Dietz, Thomas. 2013. Bringing Values and Deliberation to Science Communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110 Suppl : 14081–7.
Kitcher, Philip. 2004. Responsible Biology. BioScience 54 (4) (April 1): 331.
Reydon, Thomas, Kostas Kampourakis, and George P Patrinos. 2012. Genetics, Genomics and Society: The Responsibilities of Scientists for Science Communication and Education. Personalized Medicine 9 (6): 633–643.
Wolpert, Lewis. 2005. Is Science Dangerous? The Medawar Lecture 1998. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 360 (1458): 1253–1258.

Politicization of Science

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